Four instances of discrimination in my life that I will never forget

The first incident was when my mother and I were going to looking to buy a new house. It was a Saturday of Sunday morning and we went to an open house in a nice neighborhood in Cincinnati. We looked around the house with the other people who came for the open house and everything was great, or so we thought. A few minutes later the real estate agent, who was showing the house, came out of nowhere, pulled us a side and asked my mother if she could even afford a house in this neighborhood. It turns out that my mom ended up buying a house in that same neighborhood that was even bigger and nicer, but she had a different real estate agent sell it to her, so the rude racist lady would not get the commission.

The second incident occurred when I was applying to go to Ohio University. OU went above and beyond on their end of things, so I have nothing bad to say about them, but that is more than I can say for my high school councilors and the bureaucracy that was the administration at my high school. I kept going to my councilor to get my transcipts sent and she kept messing up the paperwork and having excuses for why she couldn't send my information. I was also discouraged from even applying to OU , and I was told to go to a community college even though I had a high GPA and high ACT score. My councilor would also always have an attitude every time I went to see her and she would never know how to help me. Some of my friends, who were also black and some with higher GPA's and ACT scores than me got the same treatment. However, I talked to some white students who had the same councilor as I did and they had nothing but good things to say; the councilor was getting her job done like it was no problem and she was really pleasant and helpful to them. However, my friends and I overcame the odds and we are all at colleges.

These next instances happened to me about three weeks ago.

The third incident occurred when I was in a class looking at different newspaper layouts and the teacher was showing an award-winning layout that sparked positive dialog about race in Cincinnati after the Riots. this was just one of many slides and we could have just moved on to the next slip but on girl in the room had to raise her hand and say "I don't know why we have to talk about race anyway...there ain't but 5 of them (black people) on campus anyway...I just can't relate..." Everyone in the room looked at me to see what my reaction would be. However, at this point in my life nothing surprises me. I just looked at her and didn't say a word. I was not about to get loud and "ghetto" and prove the stereotypes right.

The fourth incident occurred when I was just stepping into on of my classes. I took my book bag off and went to sit down while still wearing a puffy down jacket (bubble coat). This girl, who things we are friends, turns to me and says you look like a "Marshmallow hoodlum." I guess I fit the stereotype of a young black male with a big coat. She probably has never seen a real "hoodlum" in her life. I didn't pay her any attention I just kept focusing on getting my textbooks out and what I had to do that day in class.

People often ask me, "why don't you correct these people who say these awful things?" I say that I don't correct them because one day someone else will... One day these people are going to make one of their racist/ignorant comments to the wrong person and they are going to get what is coming to them. One day these people might cross paths with a real "hoodlum," "thug"or "gangster" and they will quickly learn the error of their ways!

Has someone ever said anything discriminatory or racist towards you: Share your story. Is your philosophy on correcting people the same as mine?

My thoughts on the UCM community service

I really enjoyed the experience working with United Campus Ministries to put on this dinner/auction. I had never seen a live or silent auction before and now I have. I was there from noon to 9 p.m.. I helped carry some of the food and set up the auction and helped clean up. I liked working with different groups of volunteers and documenting this with photography. I also thought it was nice to see a rather large-scale event come together from start to finish. I was especially surprised to see a surplus of volunteers.

At some points UCM had so many people helping with this event that some people in STARS may have gotten bored or not have felt needed. But everyone who volunteered got to do something so every one's help was utilized and appreciated. I think STARS will definitely help UCM in the future.

STAR's Community Service Project

STARS 08/09: Antonio, Ashley, Don Jason, Ebony Porter, Sarah Williams, Stephanie (and few other members not in the picture)

STARS doesn't just sit around and talk about issues in society we like to roll up our sleeves and get involved in our community. For our community service project we volunteered for the United Campus Ministries auction and dinner at the Athens Community Center on Nov. 8 2008.


The UCM auction had two phases: the live auction at the end and the silent auction in the beginning.These next four pictures show some of the items that were up for auction in the first phase of the auction. Items included: trips, tea sets and board games, antique doll furniture and autographed basketballs.

This next photo shows the table where people would register to participate in the auction

At the event some of the entertainment was provided by "Calliope," a local feminist choir. STARS was responsible for moving the platform they were standing on after they got finished singing.

Here are people walking the silent auction and writing their bids on pieces of paper next to the items.

Before the auction STARS and other volunteers were responsible for putting all of the items to be auctioned in order by catalog number.

Here are the center pieces at the tables for the dinner. I, Don Jason, was partially responsible for putting them together. The consisted of a glass bowl with a tea-light candle in them and donated Squash and leaves.

Here I, Don Jason, am laying out the centerpieces.

Here is a close up of the colorful squash and leaves.

These next two pictures show that at one point in the dinner set up there were so many volunteers they ended standing around doing nothing and had to get sent home.

We had to stuff small mesh bags with candy. These bags acted as weight for the balloons.

Here I am trying the ribbon around one of the balloon.

Here is a UCM volunteer blowing up the balloons.

At the dinner Ed the caterer made a wonderful meal. He called it Appalachian and International all at the same time. There was salad with some organic sunflower sauce. Noodles with vegetables, Tofu and potatoes in a squash and vegetable stew and tenderly seasoned chicken with vegetables.

The appetizers were cheese and humus spreads with crackers.

For appetizers there were also some grape leaf, sea-weed looking wraps.I was not brave enough to try one.

STARS was put on cake duty. we had to cut the cake and put the cake pieces on plates. We could hardly keep up with the rush, people kept taking two and three pieces of cake.

At the end of the dinner their was a live auction and here is one of the auctioneers. They were pointing at people and talking so fast.

UCM raised over $2,000 with the silent auction. I don't know the exact number for the live auction but I know it beats the Silent auction by a land-slide. One item in the Live auction, three-homemade pies went for $525.

Feel free to comment on my pictures: Have you ever been to a auction for charity before, or an auction in general?

Links to three other Blogs on discrimination

For this post I tried to find links to other blogs that deal with topics that fall under the umbrella of discrimination. I also tried to find blogs that are up-to-date or have at the very least been updated in 2008.

A blog called "India: A billion aspirations Perspectives on South Asian politics," talks about the difficulties people in India face living under the caste system. The blog also talks about how the caste system/culturally enforced discrimination has affected the politics of the country. Now the country wants to uses a quota system to help certain tribes and castes, who have traditionally been underrepresented in the government and universities, claim higher roles in society.

Here is the link:
http://blogs.reuters.com/india/tag/discrimination/

A blog called "The Age Discrimination (Is Real) Blog," follows a man named from Bellingham, Washington. At one point Ron had a distinguished career, where he held senior positions in financial services companies. He used to manage big budgets, manage many people, and was always top performer. However, Ron's company closed down in 2004 and since he is 60 years old he has had trouble finding a job. He writes this blog to tell of the blatant age discrimination he has undergone.

Here is the link:
http://agediscriminationblog.com/

A blog called "The SheEO Blog,"follows Fiona Smith's experience with being a female in the workplace. She is a writer for the Australian Financial Review. Smith talks about how it is okay for me to show emotion in the workplace but women are expected to show no emotion. Emotion in a man makes him seem "authentic" or passionate" while the same emotion in a women is seen as a weakness. This blog shows that gender discrimination is not just a phenomenon in corporate America it is a world-wide issue.

Here is the link:
http://www.thesheeoblog.com/sexual_discrimination/

Share comments, I felt the blog about age discrimination was the most powerful:Which of these three blogs speaks to you the most?

Weight discrimination in the Workplace and in general

Weight discrimination is growing in America and it is almost as prevalent as racial discrimination, especially against women. This form of discrimination puts people who are over-weight at a disadvantage in the work place and socially. In this article by USAToday says that this form of discrimination has risen 66% over the past decade. The article also says that 28% of obese men and 45% obese women report being discriminated against. However the biggest concern I found in the article was that in the workplace many people are told if they they don't lose wait they will lose their job.

Here is the Link to the USAToday article:
http://www.usatoday.com/news/health/weightloss/2008-05-20-overweight-bias_N.htm

This idea of Lose weight or Lose your job continues with a CNN money report. The company is Lincoln Industries, and all the employees are all physically fit says CEO Marc LeBaron. Lincoln industries has a new health program where the employees are given a discount on health insurance when they exercise or quit cigarettes. It is said that the program is not mandatory, however it has 100% participation. Apparently, 46% of companies offer a similar plan.

Workers do have rights the article says, HIPAA requires that incentives be available to all employees and be limited to less than 20% of a worker's coverage. Plus, 31 states have "lifestyle statutes" that prohibit businesses from discriminating against their employees for off site activities such as smoking.

In my opinion, these "health programs" are just another way for employers to now everything about their employee's medical information. While I agree that exercising and not smoking, etc. are good health choices; they are just that, choices. No company should force you to do all this extra work outside of what your are required to do for your job. Making someone go to the gym in their free time or spend more money at the grocery store to buy specialized foods is a little overboard. Now if the employer wanted to include work-out time and health seminars in the eight hour workday I would be okay with this. The Business world in American has done great without these programs so I don't feel that they are not necessary now.

Here is the article:
http://money.cnn.com/2008/06/30/smallbusiness/lose_weight.fsb/index.htm

Where does it end...with companies knowing so much about their employee's health and medical issues? Could Genetic Discrimination be next? A government Web site opens up the discussion by saying that many are concerned that genetic information may be used by insurers to deny, limit or cancel health insurance, and by employers to discriminate in the workplace. Employers could hire certain people for certain jobs based solely on genetics.

I believe companies would use this genetic/medical information to discriminate. Imagine a person who is too genetically/medically unfit to get hired and also to medically genetically unfit to qualify for health insurance...So this person can't get health insurance and when they want to work to pay their health expenses out-of-pocket, they can't do that either because no employer will have them...What do we say to people like that?

Some diseases are passed down from people's parents and the person has no control over them. No amount of healthy eating or exercise can ward off some diseases. Do these people deserve to be penalized with no job and no health coverage?

Here is the link to the government Website on genetic discrimination:
http://www.genome.gov/10002077

A blog from slate called The Puzzling Consensus in Favor of the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act tries to defend disclosure of employee's genetic information. It also defends disclosure of genetic information to insurance companies. The blog makes the point that if the insurance company's had genetic information on their customers more people would get insurance and insurance would cost less for all. Here is the link: http://www.slate.com/blogs/blogs/convictions/archive/2008/05/04/the-puzzling-consensus-in-favor-of-the-genetic-information-nondiscrimination-act.aspx


What do you think: Should companies be allowed to use employee's health information in hiring decisions or in dictating employee's free-time activities?

How do I get these topics to Blog about?

Every STARS meeting we talk about a new topic related to discrimination in society. Once we exhaust timely topics in the media we do an exercise where everyone takes a piece of paper and writes down topics that we are interested about anonymously and then we plan to discuss them at future meetings.

I try to make it to as many meetings as I can and then I take the topics and run with them on my own, however I do try to include other opinions from the group as much as possible.

Age Discrimination in the Workplace

Age discrimination is a growing concern in American. "Job seekers are reporting age discrimination beginning as early as the mid-thirties. By the time you reach your forties, you can be considered washed up in some industries. There are strategies you can use to help mitigate discrimination issues." (Alison Doyle, About.com)

People have misconceptions about older workers. Many employers may feel that older workers will want a higher salary or will be less likely to pick up on new technology. This is not always true.

For interview and resume' tips you can used to avoid workplace Age discrimination click this link. There is also concise information about age discrimination laws:http://jobsearch.about.com/cs/careerresources/a/agediscriminat.htm

Some of the tips include:

• "On your resume limit your experience to 15 years for a managerial job, 10 years for a technical job, and 5 years for a high-tech job
  
• Leave your other experience off your resume or list it without dates in an Other Experience category
  
• Consider using a functional resume rather than a chronological resume"(Allison Doyle, About.com)

John Stossel from ABC news has a different perspective on Age Discrimination in the workplace. He expresses it in one of his "Give me a break" segments. He basically calls laws that protect older workers bad for companies because they stifle innovation and "creative destruction," a process that companies go through, where they tear down the workforce and build it up with new people. He uses the example of three radio personalities that were abruptly fired and replaced with younger people who better fit with the company's new image.

Click this Link for a video done by ABC News about Age discrimination in the workplace:

http://abcnews.go.com/video/playerIndex?id=5

Here is the link to the employment laws reffered to in the article and above video link:

http://www.dol.gov/dol/topic/discrimination/agedisc.htm

What do you think: Should companies be able to fire someone who is doing their job perfectly well just because they are getting older?

My role in STARS and this blog

Hello Everyone,

My name is Don Jason, and I am a junior journalism Major at Ohio University. I decided to start this blog because I recently joined STARS at the beginning of this school year after seeing their display at the school involvement fair. I started going to meeting, which gave me a forum to discuss the topics that you all see in this blog. This was a relief for me, because before I would think about these topics, however, I really had no one who could relate to them, to talk about them with. The same quarter I joined STARS I took a class about online journalism, and one of the on-going projects for the class was to find a relevant story that could be told over-time or in blog format and follow that story as it developed over the course of the quarter. I chose STARS... I feel that this blog will not only work for my class project but it will allow me to act as a webmaster for STARS in the future. I plan to keep the blog up and running even after the quarter is over and hopefully I can give it to the organization to maintain once I graduate.

Thanks for your time,
Don

Interview with the President and Vice President of STARS

Sarah Williams, Vice President of STARS and Ebony Porter, President of STARS

When was STARS founded and what does the organization stand for?

• Ebony- STARS was founded in the late 1980's and the organization stands for "trying to educate people about stereotypes and all forms of discrimination, as well as helping people see and respect the point's of views of others even if they don't agree with these views.
  
• Sarah- "STAR's role is too teach other people about different cultures and act as a constructive forum to expose people to new ideas."


• When and where does STARS meet?


• Sarah- STARS meets every Monday at 6 p.m. on the second floor of Baker Center at O.U.
  
• What kind of discrimination does STARS addresses, is there a focus on blatant discrimination or all types?


• Ebony- "STARS addresses the blatant racism but is also interested in educating the people who sit back silently and allow racist and discriminatory things to persist around them."


• What events does STARS have planed for the rest of this quarter and next quarter?


• Sarah- STARS is having community service on Saturday, November 8th at the Athens Community Center from 12 p.m. to 9 p.m.


• Ebony- STARS will be hosting more dialogs with other organizations on Ohio University's campus during Winter quarter; Organizations such as the Latino Student Union, Asian Student Union, etc. in an effort to promote discussion on issues that affect these demographics on campus.


• Has STARS ever won an award for the work that it has done?
• Sarah- last year STARS won The Ohio University NAACP Image Award for a job well done with our voter registration drive.

• 
  Tell me about the retreats held by STARS?
  
• 
  
  Ebony- Every year, generally Spring quarter STARS holds a retreat open to anyone on OU's campus. The retreat aims to get different people together in a different setting , so generally the retreats are held off campus. There is food, dialog and activities.


• 
  
  What type of activities are done at the STARS retreat?


• 
  
  Ebony- For example one activity that has been done in the past is a "stream-of-conscience" exercise where one person says the name of a race or ethnic group and the other person says anything they can think of about that group, both good and bad, without editing themselves.


• 
  
  Ebony- Another Activity is a simulated college admission exercise, where everyone acts as college admissions officials and are given about ten college applications and are told they can only accept five people. The people who act as college admissions officials can chose the people based on any criteria they wish: grades while in high school, ACT/SAT scores, activities while in high school, family background or race and gender. This activity shows how college admissions officials can let their personal life experiences and priorities influence the college admissions process for all.

My thoughts on the roll of Race in the presidential election

I feel that Race should not play a roll in the election, but obviously it will. I hope the people who support Barack Obama hold strong and don’t change their mind at the last minute in the voting booth. Also, the article I linked to in the previous post talked about the importance of the “youth vote.” I feel that the young people will determine this election, not the race of either candidate. It is so important for those of us who are registered to vote, to actually take the initiative to vote on Nov. 4. or vote early at the board of elections?

The roll of Race in the upcoming presidential election

I found an article through Yahoo News that brings multiple sources together to weigh in on the role of race in the up coming presidential election. Sources range from Paul Herrnson, director of the Centre for American Politics and Citizenship at the University of Maryland, Gary Weaver, an American University professor and a Stanford University Survey.


According to a recent Stanford University poll, Obama could lose six points on Election Day due to his color, which is a troublingly high price to pay for prejudice.

The article brought up the following statistics: African Americans are statistically over-represented among U.S. poor. In U.S. prisons, there are six times more black people than white people. One African American man in 15 is behind bars. “However only a very small minority of Americans would admit they are racists … perhaps the few thousand who are Neo-Nazis or KKK members,”


Here is the Link to the Article:
http://www.witness.co.za/index.php?showcontent&global%5b_id%5d=14395

This video shows a clip of Rush Limbaugh’s show where he says that the only reason Barack Obama got the democratic nomination was because of his race. He says no one in the Democratic Party had the “guts to stand up and say no to a black guy,” he calls it “perfect affirmative action.” Then the video has a commentary by a member of “The young Turks,” the first nationwide liberal talk show and first live, daily Internet TV show.

He says that Barack Obama won the Democratic nomination fair and square because he had more votes. The Young Turk then gives facts from recent history to disprove Limbaugh. For instance, the Democratic Party has had no problem saying no to black people trying to run for president; Jesse Jackson did not get the democratic nomination in 1984 or 1988 and neither did Al Sharpton nor did Carol Moseley Braun get the democratic nomination in 2004.


Watch the clip for yourself:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lovF-f8bkTU

Please share your feedback and comments: 25 percent of Americans Listen to Rush Limbaugh’s show, if you are a listener feel free to tell why you listen? Do you think Race will play a roll in the upcoming presidential election; does Obama have the same chance at success as McCain does?

Non-traditional forms of discrimination

Until recently I had no idea of the plight many red-headed people go through as far as getting picked-on and taunted over their hair color. In this video ABC goes in-depth and discusses “ginger discrimination.” Apparently the English royal family gets talked about over their hair color. British parents even have to pull their children out of school over playground taunting. In the UK people have been driven out of their neighborhoods and into courtrooms over their hair color!


Here is the link to watch a video ginger discrimination: http://abcnews.go.com/video/playerIndex?id=3425585


I don’t know what to say about this next case, but this man had a bad reaction to a medication he was taking and his skin turned blue and now he has to live that way.


Here is the link for the real life blue man:http://abcnews.go.com/video/playerIndex?id=4028009


A penny for your thoughts: If you have red hair, please share your story; is the discrimination as bad as the video makes it out to be, have you ever been made-fun of because of your hair color? If you have had a bad reaction to a medication and your skin turned blue please comment?

The Jena 6: Institutionalized Racism alive and well in America

Hopefully, everyone has heard about the Jena 6 case, but if not, here is some background information. The case all began back in Sept. 2006 when a black student asked to sit under a tree at Jena high school in LaSalle Parish, Louisiana. Black students began sitting under the tree, typically reserved for white students. The nest day three nooses where hung from the tree. The three white students who hung the nooses were expelled but the Superintendent later reversed the decision and called the "hate crime" a prank. Black students protested by having a sit-in.

On Nov. 30 2006 someone set fore to the Jena school building. On Dec. 1 white students beat up a black student at a party. On Dec. 2 a white convenient store clerk pulls a gun on three black teenagers disarm the man and are arrested for theft of a firearm, the white man is not charged. on Dec 4. Jena High School re-opens after the fire and Justin Barker is attacked by six black students after he racially taunts the black student who was beat-up by whites at a party on Dec. 1. Barker goes to Lasalle general hospital and is released after a few hours and then goes to a social event the same evening. Six black teenagers are arrested and charged with attempted second degree murder and conspiracy.

One of the defendant Mychal Bell, who was 16 years old, was tried as an adult and sentenced to 22 years in prison by an all-white jury and white judge.


To view a timeline and see the most recent updates on the case as well as more background information on the case, click this link:
http://www.thetowntalk.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/99999999/NEWS/399990263/1002

Click these links to see two news pieces done on the Jena 6 by CNN. This piece takes a nonbias approach to reporting on the Jena 6 case by just giving the facts and even showing the sides of both the black and white highschoolers involved:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BIHfTfMXFtQ&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RMVoV6JMsdA

Click this link to see an independent news piece done by Collateral News TV. This piece took the angle of supporting the black highschoolers invovled, the Jena 6, and gives viewers steps they can take to help the black highschoolers build their defense:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YuoiZnr4jLY

To hear an interview with parents of three of the six boys as well as the reporters who broke the story, click this link, scroll to the middle of the page and click where it says "mp3 download:" (The radio show featured in this link is an hour long, but you don't have to listen to the whole thing; Feel free to fast forward to whatever part your deem interesting or useful to you. It is just nice to hear the story from those who witnessed it first hand. )
http://www.democracynow.org/2007/7/10/the_case_of_the_jena_six

Feel free to leave comments or concerns about the Jena 6 case: Had you heard about this case before looking at this blog? What is your take on racism in America today?

My thoughts on Affirmative Action in Education

In my opinion Affirmative Action should be allowed in the college admission process. I feel that having people of different colors, religions, genders and races benefits the entire educational system. All to often we hear people site the above three cases, but these cases have to be more complicated than what can be conveyed in a few simple paragraphs.


It is always said that the minorities GPA's ,MCAT or LSAT scores were not as good as the white students, but as we all know colleges and universities look and more than just test scores and GPA's when admitting someone. For Undergraduate admissions they look at high school involvement and for graduate or professional school they look at undergraduate campus involvement.


For example say a white student has a 4.o GPA and an excellent ACT or SAT score, but does no activities in their high school, while a black student might have a 3.5 GPA and a decent but not stellar ACT or SAT score, however the black student plays two sports, is in the high school band, is in student government, has a summer job and volunteers at a local retirement home on weekends, which student would be an asset to the classroom?


Call me biased but I would say the student with the extracurricular activities and community involvement would be the better asset and not just because he or she is black.


For the facts about how Affirmative Action benefits women as well as people of color please follow this link to the National Organization of Women's Web site:http://www.now.org/issues/affirm/talking.html


After clicking the link and learning the truth about Affirmative Action, feel free to leave any comments or concerns: Do you agree or disagree with my opinion?

Affirmative Action in Education

A growing issue on many campuses across the United States is Affirmative Action. It brings up questions such as: "Are white students being discriminated against during the college admission process?" and "Is it fair to let blacks and other minorities into colleges and programs if their GPA's and test scores aren't as good as members of other groups who applied?"

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 provided the legal framework for affirmative action in education and employment as well as prohibiting racial or ethnic discrimination in all federally assisted programs and activities. However, it has been three court cases that went to the U.S. Supreme court, which have set the foundation for the dialog on Affirmative Action.

To learn more about the Civil Right Act of 1964 click this link:
http://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/civil-rights-act/

The first case is University of California v. Bakke. In this 1978 case Allan Bakke applied for admittance to the University of California Davis's Medical school. When he was denied admission he filed a lawsuit against the university after minorities with lower GPA's and MCAT scores were let into the school. The university of California had been using Quotas in its admission process. Quotas in education, are a fixed number of spots reserved for minorities and women. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of Bakke by deciding that the use of racial quotas in admission policies by colleges was unconstitutional however race could be a deciding factor in admission.

For more information about the Bakke Case click this link:
http://www.kansaspress.ku.edu/balbak.html

The second two cases, Gratz v. Bollinger and Grutter v. Bollinger were brought against the University of Michigan's Law School. Gratz and Bollinger claimed that they were discriminated against because they were white. They “…claimed that the University’s affirmative action policy unlawfully discriminated against white applicants by giving consideration to race and ethnicity in making admission decisions, and thus admitting minority applicants that were deemed less qualified.” The Supreme court rulled against Gratz in his case but in favor of Grutter in his case.

For more information about Gratz v. Bollinger click this link:
http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/02-516.ZS.html

For more information about Grutterv. Bollinger click this link:
http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/02-241.ZS.html

"In 1995, the U.S. Court of Appeals of the Fifth Circuit (Texas, Mississippi and Louisiana), in the case of Hopwood v. Texas, ended all considerations of race in recruitment, admissions and scholarships in all public institutions in Texas.

In 1996, the voters of California passed Proposition 209 which abolished all affirmative action programs in the state in employment, education and contracting.

Since affirmative action programs were banned in California and Texas the number of minority students enrolled in universities has declined. Many groups such as, the Harvard University Civil Rights Project, Americans for a Fair Chance, the ACLU, and American Association of Affirmative Action, believe that affirmative action programs remain to be the only effective solution for achieving racially and ethnically diverse universities." http://gbgm-umc.org/umw/action_affirmative_action.html

After clicking the links and learning more about these three cases, feel free to leave any comments or concerns: Do you agree or disagree with the Supreme Court's rulings? How do you feel about fewer minorities being enrolled in college after California and Texas banned Affirmative Action?